Packet Forwarder Architecture

To be a Helium Miner, there are three principle components to know about

Packet Forwarder: this is a utility that interacts with the radio front-end and sends and receives raw radio packets with the Helium Miner
Light Hotspot Client: the Helium Blockchain comes into the picture here; light hotspot client is responsible for routing packets to the appropriate Router (see our Routing article) entering into microtransactions brokered via gRPC
Router: a Helium compatible LoRaWAN Network Server, basically; this component is interested in receiving the packets relating to its devices and handles downlink responses when appropriate

Any device that can run an 8 channel LoRa front-end (such as SX1301 or SX1302) can be used to participate in the Helium Network. The Light Hotspot Client is designed to send and receive packets using the Semtech Gateways Messaging Protocol (GWMP), making it compatible with almost every LoRaWAN Gateway on the Market.

Many off-the-shelf LoRaWAN gateways work very well and using one of them gives you one less thing to worry about as the Packet Forwarder is setup and ready to go.

This guide, however, is for those that want a more hands-on experience. We will essentially be assembling a LoRaWAN gateway with discrete parts, loading up an open-source Linux distribution, compiling the packet forwarder, and running it all ourselves. In short, we'll be learning gateways that hard way!

This guide is experimental and for advanced users only, and you may run in to various issues trying to get this working.

Example Custom Hardware

If you don’t have your own hardware yet, we recommend using a Raspberry Pi 4B running the latest 64-bit RaspiOS image.

We recommend this configuration in particular if you are interested in running the Miner on the gateway itself; it's easy to run our Docker image from Quay on a 64-bit ARM system. If you choose to run the Miner elsewhere, it's possible to downgrade all the way to a Pi0, for example, since you will only be running the packet forwarder on the gateway.

RAK Wireless sells multiple "Pi Hats" that provide the 8-channel front-end:

Or you can check out their WisGate Developer line where they provide bundles:

the D3/D3+/D4/D4+/D4P are all based off of the RAK2245
the D4H is based off of the RAK2245

Ultimately, which configuration works for you depends on your situation, but all of them will work with this guide with little adjustment.

Preparing the SD Card

You can create an SD card from this image by looking for the recently inserted SD card in your system

Generally, the timestamp is enough to indicate which device is the SD card. Next write the image to the SD card. For example:

Use the command sync to make sure the filesystem is written before trying to remove the SD card. Once the sync command returns, you can eject and remove the SD card from your system.

Preparing RaspiOS

With a keyboard, mouse, and monitor plugged in, power on the Raspberry Pi. Proceed through the guided RaspiOS setup where you will update your password, configure your WiFi, etc.

Enable SPI and I2C using the raspi-config tool: sudo raspi-config

Select Interface Options, and enable I2C and SPI from within the menu system. This is also a good time to enable SSH if you want it.

Installing the Semtech Packet Forwarder

Depending on which SX130x radio you are running, you will want to select the appropriate packet forwarder application.

Packet Forwarder SX1302

Pull down Helium's fork of the SX1302 packet forwarder:

git clone https://github.com/helium/sx1302_hal.git

Go into the directory and build:

Next, go into the the packet_forwarder directory, where we will create a link to the reset script:

We will also create a link to the appropriate regional configuration. For example:

We are now ready to test the start-up. From ~/sx1302_hal/packet_forwarder try:

If you get the following output, you are good to go:

You are now ready to setup the light hotspot client.